Introduction: To determine the incidence of (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism and It's effect on serum (ACE) level. Material and method: This prospective analytical study was done on 88 healthy kidney donate. The serum (ACE) determined by spectophotometric assay and genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Result: 88 healthy individual (70 males: %80 and 18 females: 20%) was selected for the study. Mean age for each genotype were: II=29,88 +/- 8/07, ID=31/04+/- 7/06, DD=29/29+/- 6/82. The frequency of deletion and insertion alleles were 0/48 and 0/51 respectively. Mean serum (ACE) +/- SD in each genotype were II=32/06+/- 24/2, ID=36/25 +/- 20/87, DD=50/68+/- 24/59.Conclusion: In this study we show the effect of (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism on the serum (ACE) level in Iranian people. Frequency of I,D alleles were 51/15% and 48/85% respectively. The mean of serum (ACE) level in each genotype was lower in female than male but due to small number of females documentation with greater number of cases is recommended. This is the first description of (ACE) gene polymorphism in Iranian population which can be used as a pilot for future steadies.

Background & aim: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) refers to the occurrence of two or more consecutive losses of clinically recognized pregnancies prior to the 20th week of gestation. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is associated with a common insertion-deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-CONVERTING ENZYME gene.Methods: The present paper intended to study the (ACE) deletion (D) /insertion (I) polymorphism in women with recurrent abortion. One hundred patients with recurrent abortions (at least two) as cases and one hundred healthy female with two or more normal term deliveries and without a history of abortion selected as controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes and the (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 16 was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the statistical analysis, SPSS software version18 was used and Chi-square tests were calculated.Results: Seven patients, (7%), and non from the control group, were homozygote (I/I) for (ACE) polymorphism (OR=22.82; 95% CI=1.26-412.69; p=0.034), depicting no significant associations between (ACE) D allele or DD genotype and RPL.Conclusion: The present study showed no significant associations between (ACE) D allele or DD genotype and RPL.

Angiotensin-CONVERTING ENZYME ((ACE)) (EC: 3.4.15.1) is a peptidyl dipeptide hydrolase that removes the carboxyl terminal (His-Leu) from angiotensin I to produce the octapeptide angiotensin n. Due to the importance of (ACE) and its active site-directed inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and heart failure, (ACE) purification and assay are of clinical and commercial as well as scientific interest. In the present study it was attempted to purify (ACE) faster and simpler. Purification procedure was finally performed in three steps. After homogenization and centrifugation, (ACE) was solubilized from pellet using Nonidet-P40, a non-ionic detergent. The supernatant solution brought to 50% and 70% saturation concentration of ammonium sulfate. After ammonium sulfate precipitation, the supernatant solution was used to purify (ACE) by Q-Sepharose HP as a strong anion exchanger and then by Sephacryl HR S200 (gel filtration). After these steps, (ACE) purification was confirmed by PAGEand SOS-PAGE. The molecular weight found for (ACE) was 175 KO. Final specific activity was 39.1 units/mg which was achieved through 651 fold purification and the activity' recovered was 5.2%. After purification, Km of (ACE) for Hippuryl-Histidyl-Leucine, a synthetic substrate, was 2.17 mM. Concentrations between 0.001- 0.1 mM of Captopril, a competitive inhibitor, inhibited (ACE) almost completely. Optimal pH determined for (ACE) activity was 8.3. Incubation temperature above 37oc decreased (ACE) activity remarkably. (ACE) purification in three steps (previously often in 5 steps), a decrease in purification steps, procedure time and expenditure and also acceptable activity and yield, were all due to using resins with high resolution and also FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography) system which, finally, facilitated the chromatographic procedures.

It has recently been shown that an insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism exists in the angiotensin-CONVERTING ENZYME ((ACE)) gene that can affect the serum (ACE) level. There are three genotypes: DD, DI, and II, with the (ACE) level being highest in DD, intermediate in DI, and lowest in II. The DD genotype has been reported as a genetic risk factor for diabetes mellitus. In the present investigation, 170 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 144 control subjects were studied.The (ACE) I/D polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) utilizing specific primers. (ACE) activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Distributions of (ACE) gene (I/D) polymorphism and allele frequencies in patients with T2DM were significantly different from those in control (P < 0.001); D allele frequency was 51% in T2DM vs. 48% in controls. The level of (ACE) activity was significantly higher in the DD genotype (91.1±23.18) than those in ID (60.6±22.8) and in II genotypes (36.8±6.9). There was a significant difference in genotype distribution between the two groups (P < 0.001). New normal ranges of serum (ACE) level were determined for each genotype.Moreover, we found test sensitivity to be 62.3%. Serum (ACE) activity was significantly associated with (ACE) (I/D) gene polymorphism.

Angiotensin I-CONVERTING ENZYME ((ACE)) gene polymorphism; genotype DD or D allele may be involved with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN). We examined the frequency of (ACE) gene polymorphism in 170 patients (85 type 2 diabetes with nephropathy and 85 without it) in Tehran, Iran. DNA was extracted from the white blood cells and the I/D polymorphism of the (ACE) gene was detected by PCR. The frequency of DD, ID and II genotypes in type 2 diabetic patients were 20%, 61.2% and 18.8%, and in patients with nephropathy 30.6%, 55.3%, 14.1%, respectively. The DD genotype of the DN group was higher than that of the type 2 diabetes patients (30.6% vs 20%, P=0.157, RR=1.3) and the control group (30.6% vs 14.3%, P=0.006, RR=2.9). The frequency of D allele in nephropathic patients was 58.2% as compared to the type 2 diabetic patients without nephropathy (50.5%) P=0.19, RR=1.16. The D allele frequency in the DN group was found slightly higher than of the type 2 diabetes (X2=0.684, OR=0.709, 95%CI: 0.313-1.606, P=0.408) which indicated the D allele was not associated with DN. It is suggested that DD genotype and D allele are not associated with diabetic nephropathy.      

Aim and Background: Today many genes have been reported that affect obesity in complex ways. One of these genes is thepolymorphism of (ACE) gene. Angiotensin CONVERTING ENZYME ((ACE)) is an important factor that canaffect adipose tissue metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between(ACE) gene polymorphism and obesity in the population of Ardabil province. Methods and materials: The 172 people attending this study were divided into two individuals of BMI < 30 and BMI≥ 30according to their body mass index. The DNAs of the sample were extracted using the saturated saltmethod and the extracted strains from normal and obsess participants were compared with each otherunder electrophoresis by PCR. Results: In the group by BMI<30 there were 57. 5% male and 42. 5% female participants. By contrast, in thegroup by BMI≥ 30, there were 42% male and 58% female participants. The average age of theparticipants in BMI<30 group was 47. 55 years but in the BMI≥ 30 group it was 52. 45 years. BMImean of the people in BMI<30 was 25. 19 and BMI mean of the people in BMI≥ 30 was 32. 58. DDgenotype frequency in BMI≥ 30 was 0. 83 which is more than the frequency of BMI<30 (0. 83 against0. 71). Conclusion: The obtained results of this research suggested that genotype DD in (ACE) gene has a relationshipwith the obesity of Ardabil province population.